$Revised Formulation for the Refractive Index of Water and Steam$

Revised Formulation for the Refractive Index of Water and Steam

By Harvey, Allan H.

Description
Technical Reference Publication

Excerpt
Introduction: Phenolic compounds play a major role in the chemistry of living organisms and life-supporting substances. The enormous interest in their antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated by a wealth of research in recent years and also by frequent reports in the popular literature.' Aging, food, and wine, are indeed three topics which stimulate everybody's interest. The properties of the 0-H bond appear to be essential to understanding the chemical and biochemical behavior of phenolic compounds, for this is the bond that must be broken to generate the tnily active species: the phenoxy radicals. It is thus not surprising that a large number of current studies, using a diversity of modem experimental and computational tools, have been addressing the kinetic and the thermodynamic stabilities of the phenolic bond and how these stabilities are affected by the number, nature, and position of the substituent in the aromatic ring. Despite all the efforts, the present knowledge on the energetics.

Table of Contents
Contents 1. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1. Scope of the Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Gencral Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Main Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Types of Capillaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5. Mass Flow Rate and Heat Flux. 1.5.1. Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 S.2. Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6. Main Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Basic Conceptions of Rarefied Gas Dynamics.. . . 2.1. Knudsen Number and Rarefaction Parameter. 2.2. Boltzmann Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Gas-Surtace lnteract~on.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Analytical Solutions of the Boltzmann Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1. hlu~ncntM cthod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2. Chapman-Enskog Method.. . . . . . . . . . 2.5. Model Kinetic Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 RGK Erl~~ntinn 2.5.2. S Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic mail: chnripovfg fihtca.ufpr.br h'~lecrronn~~i..i il: srlszni.! B'lmi rcup~.c-burg.su 2.5.3. Ellipsoidal Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 2.5.4. Applicability of the Model Equations.. 660 2.6. Linearized Boltzmann Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1 2.6.1. Linearization Ncar thc Absolute 662 Maxwellian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 2.6.2. Linearization Near the Local 663 Maxwellian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 2.7. Linearized Model Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 2.8. Linearized Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . 663 2.9. Accommodation Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 2.10. Onsager's Reciprocity Relations. . . . . . . . . . 663 2.1 1. Methods of Computation in the 664 Free-Molecular Regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 2.11.1. Clausing's Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.2. Test Particle Monte Carlo Method. 665 2.12. Methods of Computation in the Transition 666 Kegime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 2.12.1. Discrete Velocity Method. . . . . . . . . . . 667 2.12.2. Variational Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 2.12.3. Illtcgiu-Muiiiei~l Mrthud. . . . . . . . . . . . 668 2.12.4. Solution of Integral Equations. . . . . . . 2.12.5. Method of Elementary Solutions. . . . . 2.12.6. Direct Simulation Monte Corlo Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01998 h) ths C.S. Secretar) of Commerce on behalf of the United Stares. 2.13. Gaseous Mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .All right\ re\e:\ed. Thi, crlpyright 1.; ass~ensd to the Amencan Iflstltute of Pll)\tc\ . i i ~ c lt ilt AIIJCIICCIIhIc t~ii~SalV CICI). 3. Gas Flow Through Long Capillaries Kepr~nr, ;i\ailuhlr. irom -\CS: ,re Repr~?t\ Ll\t at hack of ~swr 3.1. Remarks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .